Reference intervals for the goat — biochemistry, haematology, urinalysis and specialised tests, in one place, with the provenance of every value stated.
Hover any value to see its source and how to check it. The symbol tells you what kind of evidence it is.
- 🔗 62 — Online source — click and verify
- ✎ 1 — Citation key on file — full details on request
62 of 63 values (98%) can be checked by anyone, today, without asking us.
Biochemistry
Serum and plasma biochemistry, blood gases and acid–base — 28 values, every one cited; 1 further entry states that no interval has been established.
Haematology
Complete blood count, red cell indices, reticulocytes and platelet fractions — 16 values, every one cited; 1 further entry states that no interval has been established.
| Marker | Reference interval | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Basophils | 0-0.3 ×103/µL | Cornell AHDC / eClinPath |
| Eosinophils | 0-0.8 ×103/µL | Cornell AHDC / eClinPath |
| Fibrinogen | 0-200 mg/dL | Cornell AHDC / eClinPath |
| HCT | 28-44% | Cornell AHDC / eClinPath |
| HGB | 8.9-13.8 g/dL | Cornell AHDC / eClinPath |
| Lymphocytes | 2.6-11.7 ×103/µL | Cornell AHDC / eClinPath |
| MCH | 5-7 pg | Cornell AHDC / eClinPath |
| MCHC | 32-34 g/dL | Cornell AHDC / eClinPath |
| MCV | 16-22 fL | Cornell AHDC / eClinPath |
| MPV | 8-14 fL | Animal Health Laboratory |
| Monocytes | 0-0.9 ×103/µL | Cornell AHDC / eClinPath |
| Neutrophils | 1.9-9.5 ×103/µL | Cornell AHDC / eClinPath |
| Platelets | 247-912 ×103/µL | Cornell AHDC / eClinPath |
| RBC | 13.6-23.7 ×106/µL | Cornell AHDC / eClinPath |
| RDW | 17.8-24.4 % | Cornell AHDC / eClinPath |
| Reticulocytes | not established | No routine caprine reticulocyte reference interval is published. |
| WBC | 7.2-17.7 ×103/µL | Cornell AHDC / eClinPath |
Urinalysis
Urine concentration, protein and tubular injury markers — 2 values, every one cited; 1 further entry states that no interval has been established.
| Marker | Reference interval | Source |
|---|---|---|
| PH | 7.4-8.4 | Published ruminant urine pH |
| Specific gravity | 1.015-1.045 | Merck / MSD Veterinary Manual — Urine Volume a |
| UPC | not established | Goat-specific urine protein-to-creatinine reference intervals have not yet been established (2026 literature). |
Coagulation and viscoelastic testing
Clotting times, inhibitors, fibrinolysis and whole-blood viscoelastic testing — 4 values, every one cited.
| Marker | Reference interval | Source |
|---|---|---|
| APTT | 16.2-24.3 s | Peer-reviewed literature |
| D dimer | 0-0.68 µg/mL | Peer-reviewed literature |
| Fibrin degradation products | baseline <5 µg/mL (interpretive bands) | UC Davis VMTH Clinical Chemistry Reference Int |
| PT | 15.7-19.8 s | Peer-reviewed literature |
Endocrine and reproductive assays
Adrenal, thyroid, pancreatic and gonadal hormones, including stimulation-test values — 2 values, every one cited.
| Marker | Reference interval | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Cortisol basal | 2-50 ng/mL | LABOKLIN — Farm Animals reference table |
| Estrone sulfate | pregnancy 9 weeks >8 ng/mL (interpretive bands) | UC Davis Clinical Endocrinology Laboratory |
Trace elements, vitamins and amino acids
Micronutrient status, vitamin metabolites, plasma amino acids and toxic metals — 5 values, every one cited; 1 further entry states that no interval has been established.
| Marker | Reference interval | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Cobalt b12 | not established | The reference laboratory states explicitly that no reference ranges are available for goats. |
| Copper | 1.02-2.03 ppm | LABOKLIN — Farm Animals reference table |
| Iron | 16-35 µmol/L | LABOKLIN — Farm Animals reference table |
| Selenium | 62-158 ng/mL | LABOKLIN — Farm Animals reference table |
| Vitamin e | 1.1-2 ppm (plasma alpha-tocopherol) | Merck Veterinary Manual — Serum Biochemical Re |
| Zinc | 0.70-1.30 ppm | LABOKLIN — Farm Animals reference table |
Other specialised assays
Pancreatic and inflammatory markers, cardiac and renal function tests, cerebrospinal fluid and therapeutic drug monitoring — 6 values, every one cited; 3 further entries state that no interval has been established.
| Marker | Reference interval | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Ammonia | not established | No caprine reference interval is published: marked NA in Smith BP et al., Large Animal Internal Medicine, 6th ed., Table 22.2 (Clinical Chemistry: Normal Range for Large Animals), p. 399 and left blank in Kaneko JJ et al., Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, 6th ed., Appendix VIII (Blood Analyte Reference Values in Large Animals). |
| Bicarbonate | 22-28 mmol/L | UC Davis VMTH Clinical Chemistry Reference Int |
| Bile acids | not established | No caprine reference interval is published: marked N/A in Smith BP et al., Large Animal Internal Medicine, 6th ed., Table 33.3 (Upper Limits of Normal for Some Liver Function Tests), p. 924 and left blank in Kaneko JJ et al., Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, 6th ed., Appendix VIII (Blood Analyte Reference Values in Large Animals). |
| CSF total protein | 0-40 mg/dL | UC Davis VMTH Clinical Chemistry Reference Int |
| Creatine kinase | 104-219 U/L | UC Davis VMTH Clinical Chemistry Reference Int |
| Lipase dggr | not established | Total lipase is reported for goats, but not with a confirmed DGGR substrate — the methods are not interchangeable. |
| TIBC | 266-408 µg/dL | Cornell AHDC / eClinPath |
| Transferrin saturation (%Sat) | 30-59 % | Cornell AHDC — Clinical Pathology |
| Troponin I | 0-0.24 mean 0.20 ng/mL (observed in healthy animals) | Basbugan Y et al. An investigation on serum tr |
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Sources
All 13 sources behind the values on this page. The number after each value points here. Nothing here comes from anywhere else.
- 🔗 Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph — Biochemistry reference intervals (accessed 2026-08-09) — https://www.uoguelph.ca/ahl/biochemistry-reference-intervals
- 🔗 Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph — Hematology reference intervals (accessed 2026-08-09) — https://www.uoguelph.ca/ahl/content/hematology-reference-intervals
- 🔗 Basbugan Y et al. An investigation on serum troponin concentration in healthy ruminants. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 2010;16(4):641–645 — https://vetdergi.kafkas.edu.tr/extdocs/2010_4/641_645.pdf
- 🔗 Cornell AHDC / eClinPath (Cobas c501 chem, Advia 2120 heme; >=120 healthy adults) — https://eclinpath.com/test-basics/reference-intervals/
- 🔗 Cornell AHDC — Clinical Pathology, Chemistry (Cobas c501) reference intervals, serum only — https://www.vet.cornell.edu/animal-health-diagnostic-center/laboratories/clinical-pathology/reference-intervals/chemistry-cobas
- 🔗 LABOKLIN — Farm Animals reference table (December 2022; cattle, sheep and goat columns) — https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Referenztabelle_Nutztier_12.2022_EN_S.1.pdf
- 🔗 Merck / MSD Veterinary Manual — Urine Volume and Specific Gravity table (adapted from Reece WO, Dukes' Physiology of Domestic Animals, 13th ed.) — https://www.msdvetmanual.com/multimedia/table/urine-volume-and-specific-gravity
- 🔗 Merck Veterinary Manual — Serum Biochemical Reference Ranges — https://www.merckvetmanual.com/multimedia/table/serum-biochemical-analysis-reference-ranges
- ✎ Published ruminant urine pH (pasture-sheep study; AVMA goat baseline study) – consistent with Awanui horse/cattle — Citation key on file — full bibliographic details on request
- 🔗 Sekisui Diagnostics SDH Assay (2023) — https://sekisuidiagnostics.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/IN74025-2.pdf
- 🔗 UC Davis Clinical Endocrinology Laboratory (2025-07) — https://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/sites/g/files/dgvnsk491/files/inline-files/2025-Sample-Handling-Instructions-Reference-Ranges.pdf
- 🔗 UC Davis VMTH Clinical Chemistry Reference Intervals, Rev 6/2025 (multi-species table; column-verified) — https://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/sites/g/files/dgvnsk491/files/inline-files/Chemistry_Reference_Intervals_6.2025_0.pdf
- 🔗 Zersen KM, Moore AR, Olver CS, Mathis JC. Reference intervals for coagulation variables in healthy adult domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus). Vet Clin Pathol. 2018;47(3):396-399 — doi:10.1111/vcp.12621 · PMID 30199124
Method
Evidence-based veterinary medicine (EBVM) only. This page follows the principles of evidence-based veterinary medicine: every value is traceable to a named source, and where the evidence does not exist we say so. A value appears here solely when it can be traced to a named source: a laboratory reference document, an established veterinary clinical pathology reference, or peer-reviewed literature. There is no category of “commonly quoted” or “textbook approximate” value on this site.
Gaps stay gaps. Where an interval has not been established, the entry is absent. We do not substitute a value from a related species and we do not average across sources. 0 values held internally are withheld from these pages because their provenance is not recorded.
One dataset. Every number here is the number our articles use, with the same source attached.
Derived values are labelled. Where an interval was calculated from a published mean and standard deviation rather than formally established, the source entry says so explicitly.
Marcin Siedlecki. Goat Blood Test Reference Ranges. VetBlood, 2026. https://vetblood.io/veterinary-reference-ranges/goat/
Quote or reference it, in whole or in part, with attribution and a link back.
Compiled by Marcin Siedlecki. Last reviewed 2026-08-12. Corrections are welcome at vetblood@vetblood.io — if a value here disagrees with a source you trust, tell us and we will check it.