Name: Veterinary Reference Ranges — 12 Species, Blood and Urine, Every Value Sourced
Creator: Marcin Siedlecki
License: https://vetblood.io/about/

Evidence-based veterinary medicine (EBVM) only. Every value on this page carries a named source.

All 970 values on this page are traced to a named source. A further 20 entries state openly that no interval has been established for that species — those are not values and cite nothing. Most entries are reference intervals; some are thresholds, cut-offs or method-dependent values, and are labelled as such. Every sourced entry is traced to a named laboratory reference document, an established veterinary clinical pathology reference, or peer-reviewed literature — hover it to see where it came from. We never fill a gap by analogy with a related species.

Reference intervals for twelve veterinary species in one place — biochemistry, haematology, urinalysis and specialised tests. Pick a species below, or read the cross-species comparison further down.

970

cited values

251

markers

species

121

distinct sources

shown, provenance pending

Take the data with you. Every row carries the value and the source it came from, so each number can be checked at its origin without coming back here. Free to reuse with attribution.

All 12 species (CSV, 990 rows)

Read this before you use the table. Reference intervals are analyser- and method-dependent. The interval printed on your own laboratory report always takes precedence over any published table, including this one. These figures are for orientation and teaching. They are not a diagnosis and do not replace examination by a veterinarian.

What kind of proof stands behind each number

Hover any value to see its source and how to check it. The symbol tells you what kind of evidence it is.

🔗 746 — Online source — click and verify
📖 3 — Peer-reviewed paper — open the record
📕 206 — Printed reference — title and table given; no online copy exists
✎ 15 — Citation key on file — full details on request

955 of 970 values (98%) can be checked by anyone, today, without asking us.

Reference ranges by species

Cross-species comparison

Markers established in at least 8 of the twelve species, side by side. This comparison does not exist anywhere else — most references cover one species at a time.

Biochemistry

Marker	Dog	Cat	Horse	Cattle	Goat	Sheep	Rabbit	Ferret	Guinea pig	Syrian hamster	Rat	Mouse
ALP	7-115 U/L	11-49 U/L	88-261 U/L	27-127 U/L	0-378 U/L	12-96 U/L	27-160 U/L	3-120 U/L	60-110 U/L	99-186 U/L	16-96 U/L	45-222 U/L
ALT	17-95 U/L	28-109 U/L	not established¹	31-58 U/L	6-14 U/L	45-80 U/L	10.9-95.1 U/L	54-289 U/L	10-25 U/L	22-128 U/L	20-92 U/L	26-77 U/L
AST	18-56 U/L	17-48 U/L	222-489 U/L	54-135 U/L	62-145 U/L	60-280 U/L	35-130 U/L	28-248 U/L	30-70 U/L	28-122 U/L	59-139 U/L	54-269 U/L
Albumin	3.2-4.1 g/dL	3.2-4.3 g/dL	2.9-3.6 g/dL	3.3-4.3 g/dL	2.9-4.0 g/dL	2.4-3.0 g/dL	2.7-5.0 g/dL	2.8-4.2 g/dL	2.1-3.9 g/dL	3.5-4.9 g/dL	3.8-4.8 g/dL	2.5-4.8 g/dL
BUN	9-26 mg/dL	17-35 mg/dL	10-22 mg/dL	7-19 mg/dL	10-35 mg/dL	8-20 mg/dL	20-45 mg/dL	10-45 mg/dL	9-32 mg/dL	12-26 mg/dL	15-21 mg/dL	17-28 mg/dL
Calcium	9.4-11.1 mg/dL	9.0-11.3 mg/dL	10.8-12.9 mg/dL	8.9-10.9 mg/dL	8.3-10.3 mg/dL	11.5-12.8 mg/dL	11-14 mg/dL	8-11.8 mg/dL	7.8-10.5 mg/dL	5.3-12 mg/dL	5.3-13 mg/dL	3.2-8 mg/dL
Chloride	106-114 mEq/L	111-124 mEq/L	95-104 mEq/L	92-99 mEq/L	101-116 mEq/L	95-103 mEq/L	102-109 mEq/L	102-126 mEq/L	98-115 mEq/L	93.8-109.7 mEq/L	96.3-113.7 mEq/L	82-114 mEq/L
Cholesterol	136-392 mg/dL	101-323 mg/dL	68-133 mg/dL	163-397 mg/dL	35-113 mg/dL	10-80 mg/dL	35-113 mg/dL	64-296 mg/dL	20-43 mg/dL	55-181 mg/dL	40-130 mg/dL	26-82 mg/dL
Creatinine	0.6-1.4 mg/dL	0.8-2.1 mg/dL	0.8-1.5 mg/dL	0.4-0.9 mg/dL	0.3-0.8 mg/dL	1.2-1.9 mg/dL	0.5-2.5 mg/dL	0.2-1 mg/dL	0.6-2.2 mg/dL	0.4-1 mg/dL	0.2-0.8 mg/dL	0.3-1 mg/dL
GGT	0-8 U/L	0-2 U/L	8-33 U/L	17-54 U/L	24-64 U/L	0-7 U/L	14.5-56.2 U/L	0-5 U/L	7-34 U/L	0-21 U/L	0-3 U/L	6-8 U/L
Globulin	1.9-3.7 g/dL	2.9-4.7 g/dL	2.3-3.8 g/dL	2.8-5.4 g/dL	3.0-4.7 g/dL	3.5-5.7 g/dL	1.5-2.7 g/dL	2-4 g/dL	1.7-2.6 g/dL	2.7-4.2 g/dL	1.8-3 g/dL	0.6 g/dL (single reported value)
Glucose	68-104 mg/dL	71-182 mg/dL	71-122 mg/dL	57-79 mg/dL	35-142 mg/dL	50-80 mg/dL	75-155 mg/dL	62.5-207 mg/dL	60-125 mg/dL	37-198 mg/dL	50-135 mg/dL	62-175 mg/dL
LDH	24-388 U/L	71-406 U/L	218-555 U/L	725-1122 U/L	88-487 U/L	123-392 U/L	34-129 U/L	241-752 U/L	0-515 U/L	100-300 U/L	317-890 U/L	843-3150 U/L
Magnesium	1.6-2.4 mg/dL	1.7-2.6 mg/dL	1.4-2.3 mg/dL	1.5-2.9 mg/dL	2.8-3.6 mg/dL	2.2-2.8 mg/dL	1.6-3.7 mg/dL	1.9-3.4 mg/dL	3.5-4.1 mg/dL	2.0-2.9 mg/dL	1.9-2.4 mg/dL	2.2-4.6 mg/dL
Phosphate	2.7-5.4 mg/dL	2.6-5.5 mg/dL	2.1-4.7 mg/dL	4.1-7.3 mg/dL	4.5-7.8 mg/dL	5.0-7.3 mg/dL	4.0-6.5 mg/dL	4-10.1 mg/dL	3-8 mg/dL	3-9.9 mg/dL	5.8-8.2 mg/dL	6-10.4 mg/dL
Potassium	4.1-5.4 mEq/L	3.8-5.5 mEq/L	2.4-4.8 mEq/L	4.0-5.9 mEq/L	4.2-6.0 mEq/L	3.9-5.4 mEq/L	3.5-6.9 mEq/L	4.1-7.7 mEq/L	6.8-8.9 mEq/L	3.9-5.5 mEq/L	5.9 mEq/L (single reported value)	5.1-10.4 mEq/L
Sodium	143-150 mEq/L	149-158 mEq/L	134-142 mEq/L	134-144 mEq/L	143-154 mEq/L	139-152 mEq/L	138-150 mEq/L	137-162 mEq/L	146-152 mEq/L	128-144 mEq/L	135-155 mEq/L	112-193 mEq/L
Total bilirubin	0-0.2 mg/dL	0-0.1 mg/dL	0.5-2.1 mg/dL	0-0.1 mg/dL	0-0.1 mg/dL	0.1-0.5 mg/dL	0-0.1 mg/dL	0-1 mg/dL	0.3-0.9 mg/dL	0.1-0.9 mg/dL	0.2-0.6 mg/dL	0.1-0.9 mg/dL
Total protein	5.5-7.2 g/dL	6.6-8.4 g/dL	5.4-7.0 g/dL	6.7-8.8 g/dL	6.2-8.0 g/dL	6.0-7.9 g/dL	5.4-7.5 g/dL	5.1-7.4 g/dL	4.6-6.2 g/dL	5.2-7 g/dL	5.6-7.6 g/dL	3.5-7.2 g/dL
Triglycerides	23-102 mg/dL	30-106 mg/dL	14-65 mg/dL	10-19 mg/dL	15.06-45.17 mg/dL	5.31-30.11 mg/dL	124-156 mg/dL	10-32 mg/dL	0-145 mg/dL	72-227 mg/dL	26-145 mg/dL	29-150 mg/dL
Albumin:globulin ratio	0.9-1.9	0.8-1.5	0.8-1.5	0.6-1.6	1.0-2.0	0.7-1.8	0.7-1.89	0.8-2.1	0.9-1.7	—	—	0.9-1.9
Anion gap	12-25 mEq/L	17-31 mEq/L	6-21 mmol/L	13-22 mmol/L	9-24 mmol/L	17.1-32 mmol/L	8.8-26.4 mmol/L	6-23 mmol/L	8-18 mmol/L	—	—	—
Amylase	322-1310 U/L	603-2183 U/L	3-8 U/L	14-50 U/L	<120 U/L	<120 U/L	82-343 U/L	7-42 U/L	—	—	—	—

Haematology

Marker	Dog	Cat	Horse	Cattle	Goat	Sheep	Rabbit	Ferret	Guinea pig	Syrian hamster	Rat	Mouse
Basophils	0-0.1 ×103/µL	0-0.2 ×103/µL	0-0.2 ×103/µL	0-0.3 ×103/µL	0-0.3 ×103/µL	0-0.3 ×103/µL	2-8%	0-2.9%	0-1%	0-1%	0-1%	0-1%
Eosinophils	0.1-2.1 ×103/µL	0.1-1.8 ×103/µL	0-1.2 ×103/µL	0-1.3 ×103/µL	0-0.8 ×103/µL	0-1 ×103/µL	0-5%	0-9%	0-5%	0-1%	0-5%	0-5%
HCT	41-58%	31-48%	34-46%	25-33%	28-44%	27-45 %	30-50 %	33.6-61 %	35-45 %	45-50 %	35-45 %	35-40 %
HGB	14.1-20.1 g/dL	10.9-15.7 g/dL	11.8-15.9 g/dL	8.7-12.4 g/dL	8.9-13.8 g/dL	9-15 g/dL	8-17.5 g/dL	11.9-18.5 g/dL	11-17 g/dL	16.6-18.6 g/dL	12-18 g/dL	10-20 g/dL
Lymphocytes	0.9-4.7 ×103/µL	0.9-6 ×103/µL	1.2-4.9 ×103/µL	1.7-7.5 ×103/µL	2.6-11.7 ×103/µL	2-9 ×103/µL	25-60%	12-95%	30-80%	56-80%	50-70%	30-90%
MCH	21-26 pg	13-17 pg	15-20 pg	14-19 pg	5-7 pg	8-12 pg	17.5-23.5 pg	13.7-19.7 pg	16-22 pg	19.9-25.8 pg	18.6-20.7 pg	14.7-16.8 pg
MCHC	33-36 g/dL	32-35 g/dL	34-37 g/dL	34-38 g/dL	32-34 g/dL	31-34 g/dL	29-37 g/dL	30.3-42.2 g/dL	30-34 g/dL	27.8-37.4 g/dL	31.3-34.4 g/dL	28.7-32.1 g/dL
MCV	64-76 fL	40-52 fL	43-55 fL	38-51 fL	16-22 fL	28-40 fL	58-75 fL	42.6-53.7 fL	50-68 fL	64-77.6 fL	55.1-64.2 fL	47.6-56.2 fL
MPV	6.1-10.1 fL	12-18 fL	4.0-6.0 fL	4.6-7.4 fL	8-14 fL	4.8-15.7 fL	5.2-7.0 fL	6.1-7.1 fL	4.5-6 fL	3.6-5.0 fL	6.70-8.10 fL	4.3-6.1 fL
Monocytes	0.1-1.3 ×103/µL	0-0.7 ×103/µL	0-0.6 ×103/µL	0-0.9 ×103/µL	0-0.9 ×103/µL	0-0.75 ×103/µL	2-10%	0-9%	2-20%	2 % (single reported value)	0-10%	0-10%
Neutrophils	2.7-9.4 ×103/µL	2.3-11.6 ×103/µL	2.7-6.6 ×103/µL	1.8-7.2 ×103/µL	1.9-9.5 ×103/µL	0.7-6.0 ×103/µL	35-55 %	11-84%	20-60%	18-40%	10-50%	5-40%
Platelets	186-545 ×103/µL	195-624 ×103/µL	94-232 ×103/µL	252-724 ×103/µL	247-912 ×103/µL	800-1100 ×103/µL	290-650 ×103/µL	264-910 ×103/µL	273-745 ×103/µL	300-600 ×103/µL	903-1594 ×103/µL	1121-1752 ×103/µL
RBC	5.7-8.5 ×106/µL	6.9-10.1 ×106/µL	6.6-9.7 ×106/µL	5.0-7.2 ×106/µL	13.6-23.7 ×106/µL	9-15 ×106/µL	4-8 ×106/µL	6.77-13.2 ×106/µL	4-7 ×106/µL	7-8 ×106/µL	7-10 ×106/µL	7-11 ×106/µL
RDW	10.6-14.3 %	13.2-17.5 %	16.3-19.3 %	15.0-19.4 %	17.8-24.4 %	16-21 %	13.2-17.8 %	12.9-15.7 %	11.5-15.3 %	15.5-19.7 %	11.3-14.2 %	11.6-13.5 %
Reticulocytes	0.2-1.5%	0.1-0.7%	adult 0 ×109/L (fixed value)	adult 0 ×109/L (fixed value)	not established²	not established³	2-4%	1-14%	0.25-1.3 %	0.80-3.5 %	1.3-4.94%	1-5%
WBC	5.7-14.2 ×103/µL	5.1-16.2 ×103/µL	5.2-10.1 ×103/µL	5.9-14.0 ×103/µL	7.2-17.7 ×103/µL	4-8 ×103/µL	5-12 ×103/µL	2.5-19.1 ×103/µL	7-14 ×103/µL	7-10 ×103/µL	5-23 ×103/µL	4-12 ×103/µL
Fibrinogen	150-300 mg/dL	150-300 mg/dL	0-200 mg/dL	100-600 mg/dL	0-200 mg/dL	100-500 mg/dL	300-400 mg/dL	—	176-307 mg/dL	181-300 mg/dL	165-262 mg/dL	176-298 mg/dL

Urinalysis

Marker	Dog	Cat	Horse	Cattle	Goat	Sheep	Rabbit	Ferret	Guinea pig	Syrian hamster	Rat	Mouse
Specific gravity	1.015-1.045	1.035-1.060	1.020-1.050	1.020-1.045	1.015-1.045	1.015-1.045	1.003-1.051	1.040-1.052	1.005-1.050	1.014-1.060	1.022-1.050	1.034-1.058
PH	—	—	7.5-8.5	7.5-8.5	7.4-8.4	7.4-8.5	7.7-9.6	6.5-7.5	—	6.9-9	7.3-8.5	7.3-8.5
UPC	0-0.2	0-0.2	0.02-0.18 (indicative range)	0.04-0.25 (reference interval)	not established⁴	0.21-1.34 (reported range)	0.11-0.47	<0.5	—	—	—	—

Specialised tests

Marker	Dog	Cat	Horse	Cattle	Goat	Sheep	Rabbit	Ferret	Guinea pig	Syrian hamster	Rat
Cortisol basal	5-65 ng/mL	3-50 ng/mL	30-70 ng/mL	2-50 ng/mL	2-50 ng/mL	2-50 ng/mL	2.6-3.8 µg/dL	not established⁵	5-30 µg/dL	2.3-3.2 µg/dL	—
Creatine kinase	55-257 U/L	73-260 U/L	136-313 U/L	66-272 U/L	104-219 U/L	100-547 U/L	23-950 U/L	74-294 U/L	50-150 IU/L	23 IU/L (indicative range)	—
Iron	15-45 µmol/L	8-31 µmol/L	17.9-64.5 µmol/L	20-40 µmol/L	16-35 µmol/L	20-30 µmol/L	20-59 µmol/L	not established⁶	26-76 µmol/L	—	—
Troponin I	0.09-0.17 ng/mL	0.00-0.09 ng/mL	0.01-0.03 ng/mL	0.00-0.05 ng/mL	0-0.24; mean 0.20 ng/mL (observed in healthy animals)	0-0.21; mean 0.15 ng/mL (observed in healthy animals)	<0.04 ng/mL	<0.1 ng/mL (suggested cut-off)	—	—	1-15 pg/mL
Bicarbonate	20-29 mmol/L	15-21 mmol/L	25-31 mmol/L	23-32 mmol/L	22-28 mmol/L	20-26 mmol/L	14-30 mmol/L	17-29 mmol/L (total CO2 surrogate)	—	—	—
Total T4	1.3-4.5 µg/dL	0.9-2.9 µg/dL	1.3-4.1 µg/dL	3.4-8.2 µg/dL	—	—	0.6-1.98 µg/dL	1.24-3.26 µg/dL	1.1-5.2 µg/dL	3-7 µg/dL	—

Why some cells say “not established”

ALT is not a standard equine analyte — equine hepatocellular injury is assessed with SDH and GLDH.
No routine caprine reticulocyte reference interval is published.
Adult sheep do not release reticulocytes into peripheral blood; no routine reference interval is published.
Goat-specific urine protein-to-creatinine reference intervals have not yet been established (2026 literature).
Ferret adrenal disease is assessed with sex steroids (oestradiol, 17-OH-progesterone, androstenedione), not cortisol.
Serum iron reference range was not established in the ferret reference study.

Your report is more than a list of values.

Each result changes what the others mean, and together they point somewhere. VetBlood reads the whole report and returns a written analysis and interpretation you can understand and take to your veterinarian.

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Sources

All 121 sources behind the values on this page. The number after each value points here. Nothing here comes from anywhere else.

🔗 Andrews GA, Smith JE, Gray M, et al. An improved ferritin assay for canine sera. Vet Clin Pathol. 1992;21(2):57-60 — doi:10.1111/j.1939-165x.1992.tb00584.x · PMID 12671803
🔗 Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph — Biochemistry reference intervals (accessed 2026-08-09) — https://www.uoguelph.ca/ahl/biochemistry-reference-intervals
🔗 Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph — Hematology reference intervals (accessed 2026-08-09) — https://www.uoguelph.ca/ahl/content/hematology-reference-intervals
🔗 Athanasiou LV, Katsoulos PD, Spanou VM, et al. Effect of storage time on the urine protein: creatinine ratio in alkaline ovine urine. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2021;33(6):1176-1179 — doi:10.1177/10406387211031517
🔗 Awanui Veterinary (New Zealand) — Cobalt (B12): adequacy thresholds for cattle and sheep; the page states no reference ranges exist for goats — https://www.awanuivets.co.nz/cobalt-b12/
✎ Awanui/Gribbles Veterinary (NZ) — Urinalysis SG & dipstick reference, by species — Citation key on file — full bibliographic details on request
🔗 Basbugan Y et al. An investigation on serum troponin concentration in healthy ruminants. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 2010;16(4):641–645 — https://vetdergi.kafkas.edu.tr/extdocs/2010_4/641_645.pdf
🔗 Bassan T, Pastor J, Agulla B, et al. Reference Range of Kaolin-Activated Thromboelastography (TEG) Values in Healthy Pet Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Animals (Basel). 2023;13(14) — doi:10.3390/ani13142389
🔗 Berlin N, Pfaff A, Rozanski EA, et al. Establishment of a reference interval for thiamine concentrations in healthy dogs and evaluation of the prevalence of absolute thiamine deficiency in critically ill dogs with and without sepsis using high-performance liquid chromatography. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2024;34(1):49-56 — doi:10.1111/vec.13341 · PMID 37987121
🔗 Bernhard C, Linsart A, Larrat S, et al. Use of two point-of-care analyzers provides reference intervals of prothrombin time and activated partial prothrombin time in nonanesthetized healthy ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2023;261(5):713-717 — doi:10.2460/javma.22.12.0595 · PMID 36884383
🔗 Betting A, Schweighauser A, Francey T. Diagnostic value of reticulocyte indices for the assessment of the iron status of cats with chronic kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med. 2022;36(2):619-628 — doi:10.1111/jvim.16367
🔗 Bexfield NH, Heiene R, Gerritsen RJ, et al. Glomerular filtration rate estimated by 3-sample plasma clearance of iohexol in 118 healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2008;22(1):66-73 — doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0035.x · PMID 18289291
✎ Brenner et al, Hematology/biochemistry refs in domestic rabbits, Veterinária e Zootecnia 2021;28:1-7 (n=32; published interval ~mean+-SD) — Citation key on file — full bibliographic details on request
🔗 Brown T, Defarges A, Monteith G, et al. Determination of the reference interval for urine kidney injury molecule-1 in 50 healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2024;26(4):1098612X241238923 — doi:10.1177/1098612X241238923
🔗 Brunker JD, Ponzio NM, Payton ME. Indices of urine N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities in clinically normal adult dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2009;70(2):297-301 — doi:10.2460/ajvr.70.2.297 · PMID 19231965
📕 BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Medicine (Ch.9 Clinical Pathology, Wesche) — Printed reference — title and table given, no online copy exists
📕 Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — Table 9-9 (rodents), 11-8/11-11 (ferret) — Printed reference — title and table given, no online copy exists
🔗 Charles River Laboratories — LVG Golden Syrian Hamster Clinical Pathology Data (Crl:LVG(SYR), N.American colonies 2008-2011, 95% interval) — https://www.criver.com/
🔗 Charles River — C57BL/6 Mouse Clinical Pathology Data (January 2008–December 2012; age 8–10 weeks; Drew Scientific HemaVet; non-fasted; male and female intervals combined as min–max) — https://www.criver.com/resources/c57bl6-mouse-clinical-pathology-data
🔗 Charles River — Lewis Rat Clinical Pathology Data (2008–2011; age 8–10 weeks; male and female intervals combined as min–max) — https://azupcriversitestorage01.blob.core.windows.net/storage-account-container/resources/rm_rm_r_Lewis_Rat_clinical_pathology_data.pdf
🔗 Charles River — LVG Golden Syrian Hamster Clinical Pathology Data (2008–2011; age 8–10 weeks; male and female intervals combined as min–max) — https://azupcriversitestorage01.blob.core.windows.net/storage-account-container/resources/rm_rm_r_LVG_Golden_Syrian_Hamster_clinical_pathology_data.pdf
🔗 Cornell AHDC / eClinPath (Cobas c501 chem, Advia 2120 heme; >=120 healthy adults) — https://eclinpath.com/test-basics/reference-intervals/
🔗 Cornell AHDC / eClinPath — Coagulation reference intervals — https://eclinpath.com/test-basics/reference-intervals/
🔗 Cornell AHDC Immunology — testing protocols and interpretation guidelines — https://www.vet.cornell.edu/animal-health-diagnostic-center/testing/testing-protocols-interpretations/immunology/ana-anti-nuclear-antibody
🔗 Cornell AHDC — Clinical Pathology, Chemistry (Cobas c501) reference intervals, serum only — https://www.vet.cornell.edu/animal-health-diagnostic-center/laboratories/clinical-pathology/reference-intervals/chemistry-cobas
🔗 Cornell AHDC — Haematology reference intervals, Advia 2120 (absolute and percentage differential tables) — https://www.vet.cornell.edu/animal-health-diagnostic-center/laboratories/clinical-pathology/reference-intervals/hematology-advia-2120
🔗 Cruz MV, Luker JN, Carney BC, et al. Reference ranges for rotational thromboelastometry in male Sprague Dawley rats. Thromb J. 2017;15:31 — doi:10.1186/s12959-017-0154-0 · PMID 29299031
🔗 Davis J, Raisis AL, Miller DW, et al. Analytical validation and reference intervals for a commercial multiplex assay to measure five novel biomarkers for acute kidney injury in canine urine. Res Vet Sci. 2021;139:78-86 — doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.07.009 · PMID 34261014
🔗 DGGR-lipase severity classification in horses after Johnson et al. 2019 (normal 1–20, mild 21–49, moderate 50–199, marked >200 U/L); reproduced in independent 2022 studies — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090023322001022
🔗 Duhamelle A et al. Clinical value of fructosamine measurements and fructosamine-albumin ratio in hypoglycemic ferrets. J Exot Pet Med 2018;27(2) — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1557506318300247
📖 Eckersall et al. PMC6380195 immunoturbidimetric assay: bovine Hp <0.033 g/L in healthy cattle (one-sided upper LoQ) — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6380195/
🔗 eClinPath (Cornell AHDC) — Acid-base: specific disturbances (mleczan L- i D-) — https://eclinpath.com/chemistry/acid-base/types-of-disturbances/specific-disturbances/
🔗 eClinPath (Cornell AHDC) — Nucleated RBC test page — https://eclinpath.com/hematology/tests/nucleated-rbc/
🔗 eClinPath (Cornell) — Serum Amyloid A reference concentrations — https://eclinpath.com/chemistry/proteins/acute-phase-proteins/
📖 Feline endogenous ACTH reference interval ~10-60 pg/mL (PMC11128894); distinct from cortisol – corrects prior cortisol value mislabeled as ACTH — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11128894/
🔗 Feline UACR reference interval study (2024) — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/vcp.13327
🔗 Finno CJ, Valberg SJ. A comparative review of vitamin E and associated equine disorders. J Vet Intern Med 2012 — progi alfa-tokoferolu — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00994.x
🔗 Foreman JH, Tennent-Brown BS, Oyama MA, et al. Plasma Cardiac Troponin-I Concentration in Normal Horses and in Horses with Cardiac Abnormalities. Animals (Basel). 2025;15(1) — doi:10.3390/ani15010092
🔗 Frye EA et al. Complete blood count and biochemistry reference intervals for healthy adult sheep, northeastern United States. Vet Clin Pathol 2022;51:119–125 (ADVIA 2120i / Cobas 501; Table 2 p.122, Table 3 p.123) — https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.13059
🔗 Fuchs J, Moritz A, Grußendorf E, et al. Evaluation of reticulocyte hemoglobin content (RET-He) in the diagnosis of iron-deficient erythropoiesis in dogs. Vet Clin Pathol. 2017;46(4):558-568 — doi:10.1111/vcp.12547 · PMID 28991391
🔗 Gallego M. Laboratory reference intervals for systolic blood pressure, rectal temperature, haematology, biochemistry and venous blood gas and electrolytes in healthy pet rabbits. Open Vet J. 2017;7(3):203-207 — doi:10.4314/ovj.v7i3.1
🔗 Ghys LF, Paepe D, Duchateau L, et al. Biological validation of feline serum cystatin C: The effect of breed, age and sex and establishment of a reference interval. Vet J. 2015;204(2):168-73 — doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.02.018 · PMID 25900195
🔗 Gori E, Pierini A, Pasquini A, et al. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in canine inflammation. Vet J. 2023;294:105949 — doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105949 · PMID 36581149
📖 Gupta et al. J Exotic Pet Med 2020 (doi:10.1016/j.jepm.2020.11.003): fibrinogen 107.4±19.8 mg/dL, RI 90.0-163.5 mg/dL, healthy sedated neutered ferrets n=24 — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jepm.2020.11.003
🔗 Haptoglobin in clinically normal horses, J Equine Vet Sci 2013 (S073708061300381X) — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073708061300381X
🔗 He Q, Su G, Liu K, et al. Sex-specific reference intervals of hematologic and biochemical analytes in Sprague-Dawley rats using the nonparametric rank percentile method. PLoS One. 2017;12(12):e0189837 — doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189837
🔗 Hein J, Spreyer F, Sauter-Louis C, Hartmann K. Reference ranges for laboratory parameters in ferrets. Vet Rec. 2012;171(9):218 — doi:10.1136/vr.100628 · PMID 22859408
🔗 Heinze et al., American Journal of Veterinary Research (2009) — https://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/sites/g/files/dgvnsk491/files/aal/pdfs/Heinze.pdf
🔗 Herman N, Bourgès-Abella N, Braun JP, et al. Urinalysis and determination of the urine protein-to-creatinine ratio reference interval in healthy cows. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33(2):999-1008 — doi:10.1111/jvim.15452 · PMID 30768734
✎ IDEXX Catalyst bile acids algorithm: feline preprandial (fasting) 0-6.9 µmol/L; postprandial 0-14.9 µmol/L — Citation key on file — full bibliographic details on request
🔗 IDEXX Laboratories — Interpretive Criteria for the Canine Cardiopet proBNP Test (2013); TEST cut-offs, not a species reference interval — https://www.idexx.com/files/cardiopet-interpretive-criteria-canine.pdf
🔗 IDEXX Laboratories — SNAP Feline proBNP Test (NT-proBNP); TEST cut-offs, not a species reference interval — https://www.idexx.com/files/snap-felinebnp-update.pdf
🔗 IDEXX Reference Laboratories — SDMA reference interval — https://www.idexx.com/en/veterinary/reference-laboratories/sdma/
🔗 Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory — Clinical Pathology Reference Intervals (February 2011) — https://vetmed.iastate.edu/vpath/services/diagnostic-services/clinical-pathology-diagnostic-and-research-services/testing-and-fees/reference-intervals/
🔗 IRIS (International Renal Interest Society) guidelines — USG/UPC — https://www.iris-kidney.com/iris-guidelines-1
🔗 Keiner M, Fuchs J, Bauer N, et al. Evaluation of reticulocyte hemoglobin content (RETIC-HGB) for the diagnosis of iron-limited erythropoiesis in cats. Vet Clin Pathol. 2020;49(4):557-566 — doi:10.1111/vcp.12925 · PMID 33617045
🔗 Knowles EJ, Menzies-Gow NJ, Mair TS. Plasma fructosamine concentrations in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction with and without laminitis. Equine Vet J. 2014;46(2):249-51 — doi:10.1111/evj.12090 · PMID 23663105
🔗 Kovarikova S, Blahova J, Steffenova V, et al. Exploratory Study of the Urine Protein-to-Creatinine Ratio in Apparently Healthy Horses. Vet Sci. 2025;12(8) — doi:10.3390/vetsci12080783
🔗 LABOKLIN — Farm Animals reference table (December 2022; cattle, sheep and goat columns) — https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Referenztabelle_Nutztier_12.2022_EN_S.1.pdf
🔗 LABOKLIN — Ferrets in Laboratory Medicine (2013): suggests cardiac troponin I below 0.1 ng/mL as normal while stating that no validation study exists — https://laboklin.com/en/ferrets-in-laboratory-medicine/
🔗 LABOKLIN — Horse / Donkey / Alpaca / Llama reference table (October 2022) — https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Bestell-Poster_HORSE-DONKEY-ALPACA-LLAMA_web.pdf
🔗 LABOKLIN — Reference ranges, small animals (document 07/2024) — https://laboklin.com/en/specialist-information/reference-values/
🔗 Labonté J, Roy JP, Dubuc J, et al. Measurement of cardiac troponin I in healthy lactating dairy cows using a point of care analyzer (i-STAT-1). J Vet Cardiol. 2015;17(2):129-33 — doi:10.1016/j.jvc.2015.02.003 · PMID 26044189
🔗 Larrán B, López-Alonso M, Miranda M, et al. Reference Intervals for Trace Elements in Canine Plasma. Animals (Basel). 2026;16(2) — doi:10.3390/ani16020264
🔗 Leineweber C, Müller E, Marschang RE. Blood reference intervals for rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) from routine diagnostic samples. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere. 2018;46(6):393-398 — doi:10.1055/s-0038-1677403 · PMID 30658366
📕 Loeb WF, Quimby FW. The Clinical Chemistry of Laboratory Animals, 2nd ed. Taylor & Francis, 1999 — Printed reference — title and table given, no online copy exists
🔗 Mazzaccara C, Labruna G, Cito G, et al. Age-Related Reference Intervals of the Main Biochemical and Hematological Parameters in C57BL/6J, 129SV/EV and C3H/HeJ Mouse Strains. PLoS One. 2008;3(11):e3772 — doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003772
🔗 Mentré V, Bulliot C, Linsart A, et al. Reference intervals for coagulation times using two point-of-care analysers in healthy pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Vet Rec. 2014;174(26):658 — doi:10.1136/vr.102289 · PMID 24722233
🔗 Merck / MSD Veterinary Manual — Urine Volume and Specific Gravity table (adapted from Reece WO, Dukes' Physiology of Domestic Animals, 13th ed.) — https://www.msdvetmanual.com/multimedia/table/urine-volume-and-specific-gravity
🔗 Merck Veterinary Manual — Hematologic Reference Ranges — https://www.merckvetmanual.com/special-subjects/reference-guides/hematologic-reference-ranges
🔗 Merck Veterinary Manual — Serum Biochemical Reference Ranges — https://www.merckvetmanual.com/multimedia/table/serum-biochemical-analysis-reference-ranges
🔗 Michigan State University VDL Endocrinology (2025-06-26) — https://cvm.msu.edu/assets/documents/VDL/Endocrinology-Reference-Ranges.pdf
🔗 Miedel EL, Hankenson FC. Biology and Diseases of Hamsters. In: Laboratory Animal Medicine, 3rd ed. Elsevier, 2015:209-245 — value derived as mean ± 1.96 SD, not a formally established reference interval — doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-409527-4.00005-5
✎ Miroshnikov et al, Hematology RI in preclinical studies Part 1: rodents & rabbits, Lab Animals for Science 2024;7(4):35-58 (formal RI, Table 29) — Citation key on file — full bibliographic details on request
✎ Miroshnikov et al, Plasma hemostasis RI in preclinical studies, Lab Animals for Science 2025;8(4):35-44 (formal RI, Table 2) — Citation key on file — full bibliographic details on request
📕 Mitchell & Tully, Manual of Exotic Pet Practice — Printed reference — title and table given, no online copy exists
🔗 Mohammed A, Campbell M, Youssef FG. Serum copper and haematological values of sheep of different physiological stages in the dry and wet seasons of central trinidad. Vet Med Int. 2014;2014:972074 — doi:10.1155/2014/972074
🔗 Mouse VCM Vet reference interval study (2021) — https://karger.com/aha/article/144/6/633/821357/Viscoelastic-Coagulation-Monitor-VCMVet-Reference
🔗 Navarro PF et al., Animals 2025;15(23):3376 — reference intervals for haematological inflammatory ratios in 156 healthy dogs (nonparametric, Reference Value Advisor 2.0) — https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15233376
🔗 Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center (UNL) — Trace Elements / Micronutrients, expected serum concentrations — https://vbms.unl.edu/trace-elementsmicronutrients
🔗 Ozawa SM, Pierce KV, Thomson A, et al. Point-of-Care Cardiac Troponin I Assay Evaluation in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2024;63(6):669-674 — doi:10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-24-041
🔗 Pazar P et al. Reference intervals for selected blood and urinary parameters related to renal function in 60 clinically healthy ferrets. J Exot Pet Med 2024;50 — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1557506324000430
✎ Peer-reviewed literature, internal citation key: Mann 1993 — Citation key on file — full bibliographic details on request
✎ Peer-reviewed literature, internal citation key: Spreyer 2009 — Citation key on file — full bibliographic details on request
🔗 Perez-Ecija A, Martinez C, Fernandez-Castañer J, et al. The Immature Reticulocyte Fraction (IRF) in the Sysmex XN-1000V Analyzer Can Differentiate between Causes of Regenerative and Non-Regenerative Anemia in Dogs and Cats. Animals (Basel). 2024;14(2) — doi:10.3390/ani14020349
🔗 Perez-Ecija A, Martinez C, Fernandez-Castañer J, et al. Utility of immature platelet fraction in the Sysmex XN-1000V for the differential diagnosis of central and peripheral thrombocytopenia in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2024;38(3):1512-1519 — doi:10.1111/jvim.17074 · PMID 38619127
🔗 Prairie Diagnostic Services — Trace Minerals & Vitamin Reference Intervals (ovine vitamin E; the page states ppm = mg/L for fluids) — https://pdsinc.ca/materials/trace-minerals-vitamin-reference-intervals/
🔗 Proksch AL, Schaefer S, Dreller V, et al. The effects of age and sex on reference intervals for cobalamin, homocysteine, and serum and urinary methylmalonic acid in healthy adult dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2025;39(1):e17250 — doi:10.1111/jvim.17250
✎ Published ruminant urine pH (pasture-sheep study; AVMA goat baseline study) – consistent with Awanui horse/cattle — Citation key on file — full bibliographic details on request
📕 Quesenberry & Carpenter, Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 4th ed. — Printed reference — title and table given, no online copy exists
🔗 Reusch C, Vochezer R, Weschta E. Enzyme activities of urinary alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) in healthy dogs. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A. 1991;38(2):90-8 — doi:10.1111/j.1439-0442.1991.tb00988.x · PMID 1677227
🔗 Rosati T, Jandrey KE, Burges JW, et al. Establishment of a reference interval for a novel viscoelastic coagulometer and comparison with thromboelastography in healthy cats. Vet Clin Pathol. 2020;49(4):660-664 — doi:10.1111/vcp.12916 · PMID 33207006
🔗 Rossi G, Meazzi S, Giordano A, et al. Serum paraoxonase 1 activity in cats: analytical validation, reference intervals, and correlation with serum amyloid A and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2020;32(6):844-855 — doi:10.1177/1040638720949638 · PMID 32807030
🔗 Saruc M, Nozawa F, Yalniz M, Itami A, Pour PM. Effects of porcine pancreatic enzymes on the pancreas of hamsters. Part 1: basic studies. JOP. 2012;13(5):476-481 — value derived as mean ± 1 SD, n=10, not a formally established reference interval — doi:10.6092/1590-8577/522 · PMID 22964953
🔗 Sato R, Soeta S, Syuto B, et al. Urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and its isoenzymes in cats with urinary disease. J Vet Med Sci. 2002;64(4):367-71 — doi:10.1292/jvms.64.367 · PMID 12014584
📕 Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, 6th ed. (species-specific hematology chapters) — Printed reference — title and table given, no online copy exists
🔗 Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, 7th ed. 2022, Chapter 111 (Hematology of Bovids), p.1007 — clotting times from the Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph; 28 clinically healthy adults, per ASVCP guidelines — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119500537.ch111
🔗 Schultze AE, Carpenter KH, Wians FH, et al. Longitudinal studies of cardiac troponin-I concentrations in serum from male Sprague Dawley rats: baseline reference ranges and effects of handling and placebo dosing on biological variability. Toxicol Pathol. 2009;37(6):754-760 — doi:10.1177/0192623309343777 · PMID 19700656
🔗 Sekisui Diagnostics SDH Assay (2023) — https://sekisuidiagnostics.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/IN74025-2.pdf
🔗 Shinya U, Iwamura Y, Yamato O, et al. Serum Amyloid A Concentrations of Healthy and Clinically Diseased Japanese Black Breeding Cattle-Preliminary Measurements for Determining the Cut-Off Concentrations. Vet Sci. 2022;9(5) — doi:10.3390/vetsci9050198
🔗 Spittler AP, Afzali MF, Bork SB, et al. Age- and sex-associated differences in hematology and biochemistry parameters of Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). PLoS One. 2021;16(7):e0253794 — doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253794
🔗 Spolders M, Höltershinken M, Meyer U, et al. Assessment of reference values for copper and zinc in blood serum of first and second lactating dairy cows. Vet Med Int. 2010;2010:194656 — doi:10.4061/2010/194656
🔗 SRUC Veterinary Services — Inorganic iodine, pooled sample; cattle plasma inorganic iodine normal range 60–300 µg/L — https://www.sruc.ac.uk/business-services/veterinary-laboratory-services/veterinary-diagnostics/test-and-price-lists/farm-animal-diagnostic-tests/inorganic-iodine-pooled-sample-2060350/
🔗 Stowe HD, Herdt TH. Clinical assessment of selenium status of livestock. J Anim Sci. 1992;70(12):3928-33 — doi:10.2527/1992.70123928x · PMID 1474029
🔗 Suckow MA, Stevens KA, Wilson RP (eds). The Laboratory Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Hamster, and Other Rodents. Academic Press/Elsevier 2012 — Chapter 3, Clinical Biochemistry: Table 3.3 (enzymes), 3.4 (hormones), 3.6 (kidney), 3.7 (electrolytes) — https://shop.elsevier.com/books/the-laboratory-rabbit-guinea-pig-hamster-and-other-rodents/suckow/978-0-12-380920-9
🔗 Texas A&M Gastrointestinal Laboratory — serum methylmalonic acid (MMA) reference ranges — https://vetmed.tamu.edu/gilab/service/assays/mma-methylmalonic-acid/
🔗 Texas A&M Gastrointestinal Laboratory — Spec cPL / Spec fPL reference ranges and pancreatitis cut-offs — https://vetmed.tamu.edu/gilab/service/assays/pli/
🔗 Thalmeier S, Güssow A, Häuser MK, et al. Cat alpha-1-acid glycoprotein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: performance characteristics and reference intervals. J Feline Med Surg. 2023;25(5):1098612X231162836 — doi:10.1177/1098612X231162836
🔗 UC Davis Amino Acid Laboratory — plasma and whole-blood taurine reference ranges (sample submission form) — https://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/labs/amino-acid-laboratory
🔗 UC Davis Clinical Endocrinology Laboratory (2025-07) — https://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/sites/g/files/dgvnsk491/files/inline-files/2025-Sample-Handling-Instructions-Reference-Ranges.pdf
🔗 UC Davis VMTH Clinical Chemistry Reference Intervals, Rev 6/2025 (multi-species table; column-verified) — https://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/sites/g/files/dgvnsk491/files/inline-files/Chemistry_Reference_Intervals_6.2025_0.pdf
🔗 UCLA DLAM Serum Chemistry Reference Range – Mouse (CD-1; mod. from Loeb 1999) — https://dlam.ucla.edu/
✎ University of Guelph Animal Health Laboratory — Reference Intervals, converted to mmol/L — Citation key on file — full bibliographic details on request
🔗 University of Tennessee Veterinary Medical Center Endocrinology (2020) — https://vetmed.tennessee.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/Newsletter-Adrenal-panel-2020.pdf
🔗 UPEI Veterinary Diagnostic Services (Atlantic Veterinary College) — Reference intervals for trace elements in serum — https://diagnosticservices.avc.upei.ca/reference-guide/reference-intervals/
🔗 Veterian Key — Metabolic Acid-Base Disorders — https://veteriankey.com/metabolic-acid-base-disorders/
🔗 Veterian Key — Metabolic Encephalopathy: Osmolality — https://veteriankey.com/metabolic-encephalopathy-osmolality/
🔗 Vetspace (Ron Hines) — Normal Dog and Cat Blood Chemistry and Lab Values — https://vetspace.2ndchance.info/normal-dog-and-cat-blood-chemistry-and-lab-values/
🔗 Washington IM, Van Hoosier G. Clinical Biochemistry and Hematology. The Laboratory Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Hamster, and Other Rodents. 2012:57-116 — doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-380920-9.00003-1
🔗 Yeh SY et al. Effects of crossbreeding, age and sex on erythrocyte indices and biochemical variables in crossbred pet rabbits. Vet Clin Pathol 2019;48(3):469–480. Reference intervals per ASVCP, n=85; haematology on the Exigo Veterinary Hematology Analyzer (Boule Diagnostics AB) — https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12775
🔗 Zersen KM, Moore AR, Olver CS, Mathis JC. Reference intervals for coagulation variables in healthy adult domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus). Vet Clin Pathol. 2018;47(3):396-399 — doi:10.1111/vcp.12621 · PMID 30199124

Method

Evidence-based veterinary medicine (EBVM) only. This page follows the principles of evidence-based veterinary medicine: every value is traceable to a named source, and where the evidence does not exist we say so. A value appears here solely when it can be traced to a named source: a laboratory reference document, an established veterinary clinical pathology reference, or peer-reviewed literature. There is no category of “commonly quoted” or “textbook approximate” value on this site.

Gaps stay gaps. Where an interval has not been established, the entry is absent. We do not substitute a value from a related species and we do not average across sources. 0 values held internally are withheld from these pages because their provenance is not recorded.

One dataset. Every number here is the number our articles use, with the same source attached.

Derived values are labelled. Where an interval was calculated from a published mean and standard deviation rather than formally established, the source entry says so explicitly.

Cite this table
Marcin Siedlecki. Veterinary Reference Ranges — 12 Species, Blood and Urine. VetBlood, 2026. https://vetblood.io/veterinary-reference-ranges/
Quote or reference it, in whole or in part, with attribution and a link back.

Compiled by Marcin Siedlecki. Last reviewed 2026-08-12. Corrections are welcome at vetblood@vetblood.io — if a value here disagrees with a source you trust, tell us and we will check it.